total knowladge

 Ct scan procedure:- There are different different type of procedures are done on ct-scan  machine, but the basic procedure is same. →Patient preparation is done according to procedure, such as all metallic ornaments from scan area are removed, provide patient gown to patient. →First of all verify the patient's details with patient's file correct patient and correct procedure is prescribed , check billing is done. →Enter pt's details such as name, age, sex, weight, protocol name, select the part which is diagnosed in the diagram presented in the computer. Position the pt. on couch by centering with the help of laser light (If scan for the head then use head rest and if other parts are scanned then use body rest) Fix the patient with the help of immobilization devices. There are some buttons/switches present in the gantry to fix the patient centering over the couch. These buttons are work with center point. There are buttons for table up-down in-out , laser beam on off and t...

Guidelines to know about ct scan machine before operating:- Radiation technology #08 How to start machine > Before entering in the room sanitize yourself and patients atendent. First of all start the gantry by pushing START   button on HT transformar,always insure that air-conditioner should be ON to maintain cooling. The room temperature should be maintain at 16°C to 22°C . When it is start- always start tube warm up it will take some time(60-180 sec) to warm the tube. Now you can do your procedure.. How to shutdown or stop machine> How to shutdown ct scan machine - If you want to shut off the machine check the temperature of the machine, if it is below 15°C or in between 15-18°C then shutdown the gantry by pushing START - STOP  button on the HT transformar, Now shutdown the computer. →In next part of this ct scan guidelines we discuss how to do ct-scan procedure & filming >>>

Mammography  also known 'mastography', There is low power x-rays ( less then35 KVp) are used to diagnosis of Breast diseases.  Breast Image created by using ionizing radiation is called Mammogram. Machine used in mammography is called mammography machine. Mammography machine  :- Parts of machine (1) x ray tube (2)compression paddle (3)x ray detector (4)stand (5)control console Mammography machine (1) mammography x ray tube - x ray tube used in mammography is not similar to modern xray tube used in genral purpose radiography. →The anode used in mammography machine is made up of molibadenum or rhodium. Because low power x rays are used in mammography. It is usual to employ lower-energy X-rays, typically Mo (K-shell x-ray energies of 17.5 and 19.6 keV) and Rh (20.2 and 22.7 keV) than those used for radiography of bones.  (2) compression paddle - it is used to press breast and equillization in all side. →It is made up of low attenuation mate...

Modern x ray tubes :- these are of two type (A) stationary anode x ray tube (B) Rotating anode x ray tube (A) stationary anode x ray tube -  The stationary anode x ray tube have a stationary anode. →There are a Tungsten's plate embedded on a thick copper block. →A considerable amount of heat is generated in the focal spot (the area where the beam of electrons coming from the cathode strike to) of a stationary anode.  →Copper block works as a remove of heat by conduction process and provide connection to positive electrode supply (+) →There are the focal spot of electron beam is on tungsten. →These tubes are used in portable x ray machine, and low power x ray units. (B) Rotating anode x ray tube :- Rotating anode x ray tube have a anode which is rotated by motor mechanism and provide a large area to strike electrons. →A considerable amount of heat is generated in the focal spot (the area where the beam of electrons coming from the cathode strike to) of a sta...

X ray Tube :- An  X-ray tube  is a vacuum tube  that converts electrical  energy input  into x rays photons.  X ray tube  X-ray tubes are also used in CT scaners , airport luggage scanners,  material and structure analysis, in  industries. There are two type x ray tubes are used:- 1. Conventional or old type tubes 2. Modern x ray tubes 1. Conventional type -  there are two tubes which are used in the early. (a) crooks tube  (b) Coolidge tube (A) crooks tube - X ray tube or crooks tube Firstly the tube used by wilhelm conard Roentgen  ( in 8 November 1895) for x ray production is a crooks tube . →these are also called cold cathode tube. →These tube has very low vacuum 0.1 Pa because there are electron produce by ionisation of moliqule of gas present in tube. These first generation  Crookes  X-ray tubes were used until the 1920s. (B) coolidge tube- These tubes are replaced by William Cooli...

Characteristic x rays:-- Characteristic X-rays  are emitted when outer-shell electron  fill a vacancy in the inner shell of an atom , releasing x rays  in a pattern that is "characteristic" to each element. Characteristic x ray production:- Characteristic X-rays are produced when an element is bombarded with high-energy particles, which can be photons, electrons or ions (such as protons).  →When the incident particle strikes a bound electron (the target electron) in an atom, the target electron is ejected from the inner shell of the atom. After the electron has been ejected, the atom is left with a vacant energy level , also known as a core hole. → Outer-shell electrons then fall into the inner shell, emitting quantized photons  with an energy level equivalent to the energy difference between the higher and lower states.          E(alpha)=E(L shell) - E(k shell)  Each element has a unique set of energy...

X -RAY PRODUCTION :- when highly energetic electron (kinetic energy) strike on a target matel produce X RAY and heat there are 99 percent heat and 1 persent X RAY WHEN the electron suddnely strike to the matel target. they loss there kinetic energy with intercation with target`s electron and there are production of x ray and low energy electron contribute in heat increases. x ray production > this process is done in a vaccum tubes called X RAY TUBE . specially made for x ray production   these are many type of tubes we discuss it an different lesson. there are two type of X RAYS 1) CONTINUOUS or bremsstrahlung xray 2) CHARACTERISTIC XRAY (1) CONTINUOUS OR BREMSSTRAHLUNG X RAY :-  the bremsstrahlung is a german word , meaning breaking radiation. it is a process of radioactive collision between the electron and a nucleus in the target . >  the electron while passing near the nucleus may suffer a sudden deflection and acceleration by the...

Radiation technology #02 Use of ionising radiation -  Ionising radiation is mostly used in diagnosis and treatment of disease.  In this we discussed only about diagnosis use of radiation. Radiation in diagnosis - In diagnosis we diagnose disease by using radiation . following diagnose methods are used radiation- 1. X ray 2. CT scan 3.mammography 4.MRI 1. X ray -- this is a type of radiation a machine who use x rays called x ray machine. An x ray machine & equipment       This is an x ray machine In this machine we use high power x rays .these x rays are highly energetic . When a highly energetic electron strike on nucleus or electron then they produce x ray. X rays are two type 1. Brumstrahlung x ray  2. Characteristic x ray Brumstrahlung x rays are highly energetic comparison to characteristic. X rays penetrate to wood, body, and tissue equivalent material, and we use this feature in diagnosis.  ~~continue in ...

                                                                                 radiation technology #1 what is radiation technology ? radiation is the branch of physics. it is used in medical field, nuclear rector, defence & many areas. radiation is mostly two type 1.  ionising radiation 2. non ionising radiation   1 ionising radiation  - most of the radiation is ionised.  alpha rays, beta rays, gamma rays, & x rays       are ionised.        it is used in dignosis and treatment of disease in medical        it is used for energy production in nuclear reactor      alpha rays can't penetrate to paper but beta rays penetrate to paper and stop by plastic xrays and gamma ray...