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Last years when the youth celebrate Valentine day on 14 February 2019 A attack on central armed police force (CRPF) convoy in J& K. →A convoy of vehicles carrying security personnel on the jammu-srinager national highway (NH 44)   was attacked by a vehicle-borne (car)  suicide bombs  at lethpura  near avantipura  in the pulwama   district  J&K , India time around 15:15 IST.  The attack resulted in the deaths of 40 Central armed police forces  (CRPF)  personnel of 76th battalion and the attacker.  →The responsibility for the attack was claimed by the Pakistan  based Islamic  militant group JAISH -A- Mohammad . The attacker was Adil Ahmad Dar, a 22 year old local from Kakapora, Pulwama district, and a member of Jaish-e-Mohammed. → India has blamed Pakistan for the attack. Pakistan condemned the attack and denied any connection to it. →The Indian government take a action boycotted to Pakis...

Modern x ray tubes :- these are of two type (A) stationary anode x ray tube (B) Rotating anode x ray tube (A) stationary anode x ray tube -  The stationary anode x ray tube have a stationary anode. →There are a Tungsten's plate embedded on a thick copper block. →A considerable amount of heat is generated in the focal spot (the area where the beam of electrons coming from the cathode strike to) of a stationary anode.  →Copper block works as a remove of heat by conduction process and provide connection to positive electrode supply (+) →There are the focal spot of electron beam is on tungsten. →These tubes are used in portable x ray machine, and low power x ray units. (B) Rotating anode x ray tube :- Rotating anode x ray tube have a anode which is rotated by motor mechanism and provide a large area to strike electrons. →A considerable amount of heat is generated in the focal spot (the area where the beam of electrons coming from the cathode strike to) of a sta...

X ray Tube :- An  X-ray tube  is a vacuum tube  that converts electrical  energy input  into x rays photons.  X ray tube  X-ray tubes are also used in CT scaners , airport luggage scanners,  material and structure analysis, in  industries. There are two type x ray tubes are used:- 1. Conventional or old type tubes 2. Modern x ray tubes 1. Conventional type -  there are two tubes which are used in the early. (a) crooks tube  (b) Coolidge tube (A) crooks tube - X ray tube or crooks tube Firstly the tube used by wilhelm conard Roentgen  ( in 8 November 1895) for x ray production is a crooks tube . →these are also called cold cathode tube. →These tube has very low vacuum 0.1 Pa because there are electron produce by ionisation of moliqule of gas present in tube. These first generation  Crookes  X-ray tubes were used until the 1920s. (B) coolidge tube- These tubes are replaced by William Cooli...

A visit to chittorgarh:- the chittor fort is said to have b een built by chitrananda the guhila ruler bappa rawal is said to have captured the fort in either 728 CE or 734 CE I go there on 10 october 2018 by rail from jaipur. HOW TO REACH :- the chittor is well connected by rail and air. the distance from jaipur is 390 km and 575 km from delhi. it is nearer to jaipur international airport and udaipur airport ( udaipur is nearer but there is only domestic flights are available) VISITING SITES IN FORT:- 1. GATES ( seven in number are - the paidal pole, bhairon pole, hanuman pole, ganessh pole, jorla pole, laxman pole, ram pole) - these gates are  built by mewar ruler RANA KUMBHA of the sisodiya clan. 2. PADMINI PALACE - padmini palace is a palace ,where RANI padmini is lived after marriage with rawal ratan singh. TO KNOW MORE ABOUT padmini - click on the below link.. https://totalknowladge.blogspot.com/2017/11/who-is-padmini-queen-of-chittor.html ...

Characteristic x rays:-- Characteristic X-rays  are emitted when outer-shell electron  fill a vacancy in the inner shell of an atom , releasing x rays  in a pattern that is "characteristic" to each element. Characteristic x ray production:- Characteristic X-rays are produced when an element is bombarded with high-energy particles, which can be photons, electrons or ions (such as protons).  →When the incident particle strikes a bound electron (the target electron) in an atom, the target electron is ejected from the inner shell of the atom. After the electron has been ejected, the atom is left with a vacant energy level , also known as a core hole. → Outer-shell electrons then fall into the inner shell, emitting quantized photons  with an energy level equivalent to the energy difference between the higher and lower states.          E(alpha)=E(L shell) - E(k shell)  Each element has a unique set of energy...